OSCILLATORS (continued)   Relative Strength Index (RSI) The formula for the RSI is: RSI = 100— 100/[(Up Average/Down Average) + I]. Where: Up Average = The average of closes in a given amount of time that are higher than the previous close. Down = The average of closes in a given amount of time that are lower than the previous close. The RSI is a momentum indicator based upon price movement over a specified period of time created by Welles Wilder. Some of the Droblems that are apparent in other momentum oscillators are eliminated in the RSI. Namely, by taking the up average and down average instead of the difference of prices, a smoother oscillator is created. For example, in a 14-day RSI the up average of the last 14 days is derived, as is the down average of the last 14 days. A constant band is created as well (from 0 to 100) which facilitates analysis of different securities. The RSI is used as any momentum oscillator. Directional movement, peaks, troughs. Divergence and crossing between short term and long term RSI's are looked for in the chart. Overbought/oversold signals are given by crossing the 70 and 30 lines according to Welles Wilder. Instead of focusing only on the crossing of the overbought/oversold line, peaks and troughs of the oscillator should be examined for signals, with peaks expected to be at higher levels in a bull market than in a bear market, troughs occurring at lower levels in a bear market than a bull market. A peak in the RSI would suggest a price turn around to lower levels could be ahead, while a trough in the RSI suggests the opposite. Longer term RSI's will have less vitality than shorter term RSI's, if many overbought/oversold signals are desired, use of a shorter term RSI would generate them, but these will not have the same weight as the less sensitive RSI in terms of medium to long term trends.	Vocabulary
	e
	momentum - скорость движения
	i
	to eliminate — уничтожать, снимать
	u:
	smooth — гладкий, ровный
	ai
	to derive - получать
	э:
	raw — грубый

 

The stochastic recognizes that in an uptrending market the close tends to be near high, while in a downtrending market, the

 

 

 

 

 

close is near the lows of the time period. Using the above formula, a "raw" stochastic is found.

A three—day moving average of the "raw" stochastic is used by MMS, as the "raw" stochastic is very volatile, giving false signals. The three—day moving average is called the %K stochastic. A three—day moving average of the %K stochastic is called the %D, which gives a smoother momentum oscillator. This indicator will range between 100 (when the close is equal to the highest high of the last "x" periods) and 0 (when the close is equal to the lowest low of the last "x" periods).

The stochastic is used as any momentum oscillator, with directional movement, peaks, troughs, divergence, crossing between short term and long term stochastics, and crossing between %K and %D stochastics looked for in the chart.

Bollinger Bands—BB

Bollinger Bands are lines charted above and below the moving average of the closing prices. This analysis varies from other percentage band analysis because the distance of each band from the moving average is not fixed. Instead, the price channel these bands form around the moving average is flexible and determined by the user specifying a number of standard deviations.

The standard deviation is the method used to set the band width about the moving average. Bollinger used a 2% standard deviation to capture 95% of prices within the band. However a 1.5 standard deviation is commonly used for futures.

Bollinger Bands automatically narrow and widen in response to volatility — narrow in calm markets, and widen in volatile markets, making them an effective trend indicator.

Bollinger Bands are used with a simple price graph:

Prices near the lower band may signal an overbought market.

Prices near the upper band may signal an oversold market.

The bands often narrow before a sharp move in price. A narrowing of the bands indicates the start of a new trend, which is confirmed when prices break and close out of the band.

A price that breaks above the top band, followed by another that closes within, may signal a reversal and a good time to sell.

A price that breaks below the bottom band, followed by another that closes within, may signal a reversal and a good time to buy.

Example

If prices are moving in a downtrend and hit the bottom of the band, but close back in the bands, indicates that the trend will not continue to go down but sideways and then probably back up.

Bollinger Bands form an area of Support and Resistance and are used to take profits. If prices break above or below the Bands, it results in a changed Support and Resistance. Bollinger Bands do not indicate trading stops.

 

 

Directional Movement Index — DMI

The Directional Movement Index (DMI) determines the strength of any upward or downward trends present in the market. It consists of the following four lines:

+DM    measures upward movement in price over time. — DM    measures downward movement in price over time. DX   measures the overall direction of movement

(whether up/down) in price over time. ADX   measures the average direction of movement (up/

down) in price over time. In effect it is the average

of the DX.

ADX measures the strength of the trend in the market. The higher the ADX, the stronger the trend present. This index does not measure the direction of the trend. In other words, it is quite common for the ADX to be rising while prices are falling — this indicates an increasing strength in the down trend.

All four lines are plotted on a scale from 0 to 100.

Comprehension questions

1. Where are Bollinger Bands charted?

2. What does the band width show?

3. What do Bollinger Bands signal?

4. What does the Directional Movement Index show?

Exercises

Ex. 1. Translate from English into Russian and vice versa

1. What are the momentum oscillators?

Momentum oscillators are technical indicators which measure the change in price over a given time period.

2. Where are M.O's used?

They are useful in trendless or sideways trending market, and significant when they reach extreme value:

overbought + 70/80%, oversold - 30/20%.

3. What signals do they give?

M.O's give market signals. Turn divergence between prices and momentum.

4. What is a Relative Strength Index?

Relative Strength Index (RSI) is a smoother oscillator created by taking the up average and down average instead of the difference in prices.

5. What is the formula for RSI?

6. What does a stochastic oscillator measure? A stochastic oscillator measures where closing price is in relation to total price range.

 

 

 

7. Where are closing prices in uptrend?

Uptrend closing prices are in the upper end of the range.

8. What lines does a stochastic oscillator use? Two lines are used: %K line, more solid and sensitive and %D line, smoothed version of the %K line.

9. What is the formula for a stochastic oscillator?

The Formula is %K = 100 C-Lx/Hx-Lx],

Lx — Lowest low of last x period,

Hx — Highest high of last x period,

%D = Moving average of %K 3 day smoothed is used

with 5 day. An example of the stochastic oscillator is shown below:

 

Ex. 2. Put questions to the underlined words.

Ex. 3. Find verbals and state their syntactical function in the sentence.

Ex. 4. Make a syntactical analysis of the sentences difficult for translation.

Ex. 5. Read and translate the text.

 

 

 

 

TRASLATION PRACTICE

 

A Quick Look At Bollinger Bands Bollinger bands is a popular band analysis similar to the Alpha Beta trend. It can be used as a system in itself or with Oscillators such as the Relative Strength Index (RSI). The analysis is standard in both Reuters Technical Analysis (RTA) and Reuters Technical Analysis for Unix (RTAu). Bollinger Bands consist of 3 lines. 2 charted ones above and the other below the moving average of closing prices, which makes up the third line. The moving average of close data needs to be created seoaratelv to complete the bollineer bands analysis. This analysis varies from other percentage band analyses because the distance of each band from the moving average is not fixed. Instead, the price channel these bands form around the moving average is flexible, being determined by specifying a number of standard deviations from it. John Bollineer. who created Bollineer Bands and used them in stock tradine. Used a standard deviation of 2 which captures about 95% of price action within the bands. A different number of standard deviations can be selected dependina on the market traded for example, 1.8 standard deviations would be more appropriate for futures trading. The length of the moving average which is used to calculate the bands is usually 20 days or less. Care should be taken here as these sample sizes are small and statistical error Quite possible. The only statistical inference that should be drawn from this analysis is that most (approx. 95%) of the price action will be contained. A useful feature of Bollinger Bands is automatic narrowing and widening in response to volatility — narrow in calm markets and wide in volatile markets. This makes them an effective trend indicator, especially when used in conjunction with another trend following tool. Trading Rules Use Bollinger Bands with a price chart and simple moving average (the same length as the Bollinger Bands) then keep a look out for the following signals: Fig 1 Bollinger Bands(top) used with an RSI(bottom). Trendlines show divergence between the RSI and Price which confirms the Bollinger Bands. Prices near the lower band may signal an oversold market. Prices near the upper band may signal an overbought market. The bands often narrow before a sharp move in price, either ud or down. A narrowing of the bands often indicates the start of a new trend, which is confirmed when prices break and close out of the band. An interval that closes above the top band, followed by another that closes within, may signal a reversal and a good time to sell.	Vocabulary
	i: ei
	deviation — отклонение
	ae
	to'capture — охватывать
	э
	appropriate — подходящий
	to take care — позаботиться
	a:
	sample — образец
	i
	'inference — вывод
	ei
	to contain — содержать
	to keep a
	lockout — следить
	trend reversal — смена тренда
	э:
	to confirm — подтверждать
	э:
	divergence — отклонение
	A to comfort — успокаивать

 

 

 

An interval that closes below the bottom band, followed by another that closes within, may signal a reversal and a good time to buy.

If prices are in a downtrend and back in the bands, this is interpreted as a signal the existing down trend will not continue and that the market will move sideways and then probably back up.

Bollinger Bands form an area of Support and Resistance. Use them to take profits. If prices break above or below the Bands, it results in a changed Support and Resistance.

Trend reversals can be confirmed when used with an Oscillator, such as the Relative Strenght Index (RSI). Signals such as:

Price being close to the lower band with the RSI confirming a trend reversal should be a safe buy signal.

Price divergence with an RSI can confirm the bottom or top of a band (see Fig. 1).

A final point — like any other technical analysis technique, the trader must incorporate their own personality and comfort levels to the trading rules of Bollinger Bands. Good luck!

Exercises

Ex. 1. Put questions to the underlined words.

Ex. 2. Analyse noun collocations.

Ex. 3. Translate the article.